
Elizabeth Bowen: always impeccable
I know this is primarily a poetry blog - and indeed this is an EDW post - but Chip Dale's very successful guest post not long ago, where he talked about his tips & tricks for writing novels, reminded me of something. I've been meaning to write about it ever since.
Back in the mists of time, your own correspondent - yes, that's me - was still too embarrassed to walk into a room and announce to all and sundry that she liked writing poems. (This phenomenon, called 15-year-old-girl syndrome, has been corroborated verbally by other poets, including big strapping guys.) So to that end, when her decade-long writers block cleared up, she started writing stories, and even a novel. It was a bloody good novel, except for one thing: it never got finished.
Of course if I'd had Chip to guide me with his common sense about not getting bogged down, or being too perfectionist, I might have finished it. But possibly not, because, as it turns out, my mental structures seem to be more those of poems than of stories - though oddly enough I do write narrative poems. Because I still love, I guess, character and incident. But I was unable to move a plot along through a whole, long, bewildering novel. I read and read and thought and thought and wrote and wrote, and I am about to share with you something that did help me a lot.* It still helps me a lot.
There is a wonderful little book, edited by Walter Allen, called Writers on Writing (Phoenix House, 1948),** which has both long and short quotes from almost every writer you can think of, pre-forties. Proust is in there, Henry James of course, Chekhov, Fielding, Coleridge, Maupassant, Ford Madox Ford, Dickens... the quotes are taken from letters, notebooks, prefaces, essays, and from novels themselves.
My favourite thing in the whole book is a little gem I've never seen anywhere else, before or since, headed Miss Bowen Sums It Up (originally published in Orion II as "Notes on Writing a Novel"). It's fifteen pages long so I can't give you the whole thing. In it Elizabeth Bowen spells out the moral, imaginative, structural, technical and other issues which must be addressed by a writer. Not, I stress, just a novelist, though this is what she was overtly writing about. Many things are interchangeable, and many issues are universal to the creation of written art, whether you call it "plot" or "the trajectory," "character" or "the narrator."
She begins:
"PLOT: (Essential. The Pre-essential.) Plot might seem to be a matter of choice. It is not. The particular plot for the particular novel is something the novelist is driven to. It is what is left after the whittling-away of alternatives. The novelist is confronted, at a moment (or at what appears to be the moment: actually its extension may be indefinite) by the impossibility of saying what is to be said in any other way.
He is forced towards his plot. By what? By 'what is to be said'. What is 'what is to be said'? A mass of subjective matter that has accumulated - impressions received, feelings about experience, distorted results of ordinary observation, and something else - x. This matter is extra matter. It is superfluous to the non-writing life of the writer. It is luggage left in the hall between two journeys, as opposed to the perpetual furniture of rooms. It is destined to be elsewhere. It cannot move until its destination is known. Plot is the knowing of destination.
Plot is diction. Action of language, language of action."
(KEB here: Michael Donaghy would leap up right now and say: "Notice that chiasmus? That's how Elizabeth Bowen is getting you to remember this point!")
"Plot is story. It is also 'a story' in the nursery sense - lie. The novel lies, in saying that something happened that did not. It must, therefore, contain uncontradictable truth, to warrant the original lie."
(KEB again:) There's so much in here that can be taken apart and really examined - within oneself, of course - all this has to happen in oneself: the whittling away of alternatives, for a start. The emotional truth that makes it all worthwhile. The nature of one's material. What is it that is of no use in one's writing life?
Further down Bowen writes something that made a huge impression on me: that is, I kept looking at myself in light of it for years, until it had become part of me in the same way that Bootstrap Bill Turner is part of the Flying Dutchman.
Bowen continues:
"Plot, story, is itself un-poetic. At best it can only be not anti-poetic. It cannot claim a single poetic licence. It must be reasoned - only from the moment when its non-otherness, its only-possibleness has become apparent. Novelist must always have one foot, sheer circumstantiality, to stand on, whatever the other foot may be doing. (N.B. Much to be learned from storytelling to children. Much to be learned from detective story - especially non-irrelevance.) (See Relevance.)
Flaubert's 'Il faut interesser'. Stress on manner of telling: keep in mind, 'I will a tale unfold'. Inerest of watching a dress that has been well-packed unpacked from a dress-box. Interest of watching silk handkerchiefs drawn from a conjurer's watch."
(KEB again:) Can you see Donaghy here too? (A connection I'd never made until typing this out.) This image of the dress being unpacked stayed with me for years, and the handkerchiefs drawn from the watch are right there in his poems, like (for example, obviously) Upon a Claude Glass, or Caliban's Books. All good poetry has this quality of something magical, something transforming itself before your eyes, and transforming you a little with it.
Now, here is something really interesting. There is so much more in here that it's hard to choose, but I'll end with this, as a structural note. Chippy wrote about structure, and I am intensely interested in it myself. I think structure is a form of truth - the form of truth: a scaffold, without which no building can be built.
Bowen writes:
"Plot must not cease to move forward. (See Advance.) The actual speed of movement must be even. Apparent variations in speed are good, necessary, but there must be no actual variations in speed. To obtain these paparent variatons is part of the illusion - task of the novel. Variations in texture can give the effect of variations in speed. Why are apparent variations necessary? (a) for emphasis. (b) for non-resistance, or 'give', to the nervous time-variations of the reader. Why is actual evenness, non-variation of speed, necessary? For the sake of internal evenness for its own sake. Perfection of evenness = perfection of control. The tautness of the taut string is equal (or even) all along and at any part of the string's length."
(KEB) This principle is the reason why reviewers talk of something being "flabby in the middle" or movie-goers say it's "slow." Those are the places where the actual speed slowed down, and the momentum was lost. It is wonderful to think of this speed/tautness thing in conjunction with the dress thing. And it is crucially, critically important in poetry. In fact, it is the essence of elegance.
* Not so much that I actually finished the novel, mind.
** There are other books called Writers on Writing: popular title! I own a couple more. Also good, if you're into this kind of thing, are the Paris Review Interviews, published as books and now available online; Henry James' Notebooks and prefaces; Keats' wonderful letters; Don't Ask Me What I Mean (ed. Paterson & Brown); and a funny thing I have, A Piece of Work: Five Writers Discuss Their Revisions (U. of Iowa Press).